A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a area, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are widely used to conceal floor and roof construction. They have been particular places for decoration from the earliest eras: either by coating the flat surface, in emphasizing the structural members of roof or floor, or in commandeering it as an area for an allover pattern of relief.

Not much is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were designed richly with relief as well as painting, as is found by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the Gothic period, the common design to use structural aspects decoratively then gave rise to the design of the beamed ceiling, in which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and generally painted in beautiful colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was moved to its highest tip of originality and variety. Three forms were furthered. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far bettered their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers abounded, with their edges ornately carved and the field of every coffer marked with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings wholly or in parts vaulted, mostly with arched intersections, with painted bands emphasizing the architectural design and with pictures filling the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a great demonstration of this. In the Baroque period, mystical figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also utilized to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style show this. In the third type, which was markedly characteristic of Venice, the ceiling became a sizeable framed painting, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern architecture ceilings often are split into two major classes — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance underneath the structural members, some architects have worked to cover super amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. The large part of suspended ceilings utilize a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in exposing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Due to this design, many structural systems have been put in place that have a deliberate power in themselves and make for popular ceilings.

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